Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Correlation of the Behavior of Female Waitresses at Sports Bars and the

At the point when we go out to eat or drink at a games bar, we ordinarily locate that a lion's share of the servers and barkeeps are females. Why would that be, one may inquire. The most clear explanation is that they attract increasingly male clients to drink brew and eat food. On the off chance that a male supporter were to stroll into a games bar, he would remain longer and go through more cash since he would will in general look at a server that he thought about appealing. Servers for the most part know this so they will in general uncover themselves more and dress appropriately to pull in more folks and ideally to get bigger tips. One barkeep met for this task, who works at Buffalo Wild Wings, would hop on stepping stools behind the bar, to cause to notice herself. She trusted that her activities would bring about the clients giving her a bigger tip than they would otherswise. In light of the tips got, this procedure worked. Seeing this intrigued the author to investigate the su bject of how servers utilize their physical appearance for a superior tip. With further examination, this was demonstrated valid for pretty much every eatery explored. Servers go well beyond from just applying cosmetics to changing their hair shading, and changing the manner in which they would serve a normal client to meet their requirements. The clients likewise assume a job in the tip given, which can normally be dictated by the sex, race, age, and associations with the server. On the off chance that clients would tip dependent on the administration gave, at that point the female servers wouldn’t need to tease or cause the visitor to feel like that need to tip better. Foundation Review of Literature A significant number of the sources address the manner in which the servers change their physical appearances and the results. Be that as it may, some additionally talk about the enthusiastic side of the server or the pr... ... Works Cited Gatta, M. (2009). Cafés servers, tipping, and obstruction. Subjective Research in Accounting and Management, 6(1-2), 70-82. Guã ©guen, N. (2012). Hair shading and wages: Waitresses with light hair have a great time. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(4), 370-372. Guã ©guen, N. (2009). Menstrual cycle stages and female receptivity to a romance requesting: An assessment in a dance club. Advancement and human conduct, 30(5), 351-355. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.004 Jacob, C., Guã ©guen, N., Boulbry, G., and Ardiccioni, R. (2009). Servers' facial beauty care products and tipping: A field try. Global Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.04.003 McCall, M., and Lynn, A. (2009). Café servers' impression of client tipping aims. Worldwide Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Essay on Narrator and Point of View in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an

Storyteller and Point of View in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hourâ â Â Both Gilman's and Chopin's accounts are, as a result, accounts of ladies who feel caught by the men in their lives. Gilman utilizes first individual portrayal to uncover a lady's crawling loss of reality to her perusers, while Chopin permits us to encounter the delight Louise Mallard felt after becoming aware of her significant other's demise through third individual portrayal. Strangely, neither one of the stories would have had the option to uncover either lady's mind to affect the peruser as effectively as both did had their individual portrayals been endeavored through another structure. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman's perspective is communicated through first individual portrayal, which gives her perusers brief looks into the other characters' impression of her and her view of them (which basically illuminates perusers), just as the principle character's dynamic scattering of what is happening in her psyche. First individual portrayal can now and again be viewed as one-sided or innocent inside the setting of their observations and projections of different characters. Not so with the lady in The Yellow Wallpaper. She appears to offer a practically unprejudiced point of view of spouse John, which the peruser notes from the earliest starting point as she goes to and fro from defending his mentality and conduct towards her- - Dear John! He adores me beyond a reasonable doubt, and hates to have me wiped out (324)- - to in the long run getting suspicious of him: The truth of the matter is I am getting somewhat terrified of John (326). One winds up review John as totally absent yet predominant in his lazy mentality and treatment of his better half. In this manner one has little compassion toward John at long last (which I accept is likewise planned), when he at long last figure it out... ...r V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Simon Schuster/A Viacom Company, 1998. 542-553. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote 'The Yellow Wallpaper' Ed. Catherine Lavender; The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Fall Semester, Oct. 1997. (25 Jan 1999)â â http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/whyyw.html McChristie, Pat. Ladies Need to Work Copyright: 1998. Cyberwoman (30 Jan 1999) http://www.cyberparent.com/ladies/needwork.htm Wyatt, Neal Life story of Kate Chopin English 384: Women Writers. Ed. Ann M. Woodlief Copyright: 1998, Virginia Commonwealth University. (26 Jan. 1999) http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/katebio.htm For what reason are Women Leaving Marriage in Droves? Marriage. Copyright: 1998. Cyberwoman (30 Jan 1999) http://www.cyberparent.com/ladies/marriage1.htm

Friday, August 21, 2020

Uses and Effects of Barbiturates

Uses and Effects of Barbiturates Addiction Drug Use Print Barbiturates Usage History and Side Effects By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 17, 2019 Bellurget Jean Louis/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Barbiturates are a class of drugs derived from barbituric acid that act as depressants to the central nervous system. These drugs are used as sedatives or anesthetics and have the potential to become addictive. Theyre problematic because there is no good treatment to reverse a barbiturate overdose.   The primary use of barbiturates in the 21st century has been physician-assisted suicide (in states where such  procedures are legal). History German researcher Adolph von Baeyer was the first to synthesize barbituric acid. Barbital (Veronal) was the first barbiturate and was used for medical purposes in 1903. Barbiturates were frequently used to treat agitation, anxiety, and insomnia, but their use for treating such symptoms fell out of favor due to the risk of overdose and abuse. Legend has it that the drugs name comes from the date Baeyer and his colleagues made the discovery: They apparently went to celebrate their find at a tavern on the feast day of St. Barbara. Benzodiazepines have largely replaced barbiturates in most medical uses. Effects The pharmacological actions of barbiturates include depressing nerve activity in the cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles. These drugs also affect the CNS in several different ways and can produce effects ranging from mild sedation to a coma depending upon the dosage. Low doses of barbiturates can lower anxiety levels and relieve tension, while higher doses can decrease the heart rate and blood pressure. Barbiturates have some severe drawbacks, including: Potentially dangerous interactions with other drugsLack of safety and selectivityA tendency to create dependence, tolerance, abuse, and withdrawalLack of effective treatment for overdoses Examples Amobarbital: Commonly referred to as sodium amytal, this barbiturate gained a reputation as a truth serum since it proved effective when given to some subjects during interrogation. While it doesnt actually compel people to tell the truth, amobarbital can slow the central nervous system so that concentration becomes more difficult. The theory was that someone asked a question while under the influence of amobarbital would be less likely to be able to think of a false answer, which requires more focus than simply telling the truth.Butalbital: this short-acting barbiturate was frequently used to treat migraine headaches, often in combination with acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. It was marketed under the brand names Fiorinal and Fioricet. Its also been used as a sedative and an anesthetic. It was marketed under the brand names Fiorinal and Fioricet. Its also been used as a sedative and an anesthetic.Phenobarbital: This barbiturate was used to treat seizures in young children, due to its effectiveness as an anticonvulsant. It also has been used to treat anxiety, drug withdrawal (particularly from other barbiturates) and as a sleep aid.Secobarbital: Marketed in the U.S. as Seconal beginning in 1934, this drug was a widely-prescribed sleep aid. Its the most-used drug in physician-assisted suicides in the U.S.Pentobarbital: Used as an anesthetic in animals, this drug formerly used to treat seizures and convulsions has the dubious distinction of being one of the preferred drugs used for state executions in the U.S.

Uses and Effects of Barbiturates

Uses and Effects of Barbiturates Addiction Drug Use Print Barbiturates Usage History and Side Effects By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 17, 2019 Bellurget Jean Louis/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Barbiturates are a class of drugs derived from barbituric acid that act as depressants to the central nervous system. These drugs are used as sedatives or anesthetics and have the potential to become addictive. Theyre problematic because there is no good treatment to reverse a barbiturate overdose.   The primary use of barbiturates in the 21st century has been physician-assisted suicide (in states where such  procedures are legal). History German researcher Adolph von Baeyer was the first to synthesize barbituric acid. Barbital (Veronal) was the first barbiturate and was used for medical purposes in 1903. Barbiturates were frequently used to treat agitation, anxiety, and insomnia, but their use for treating such symptoms fell out of favor due to the risk of overdose and abuse. Legend has it that the drugs name comes from the date Baeyer and his colleagues made the discovery: They apparently went to celebrate their find at a tavern on the feast day of St. Barbara. Benzodiazepines have largely replaced barbiturates in most medical uses. Effects The pharmacological actions of barbiturates include depressing nerve activity in the cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles. These drugs also affect the CNS in several different ways and can produce effects ranging from mild sedation to a coma depending upon the dosage. Low doses of barbiturates can lower anxiety levels and relieve tension, while higher doses can decrease the heart rate and blood pressure. Barbiturates have some severe drawbacks, including: Potentially dangerous interactions with other drugsLack of safety and selectivityA tendency to create dependence, tolerance, abuse, and withdrawalLack of effective treatment for overdoses Examples Amobarbital: Commonly referred to as sodium amytal, this barbiturate gained a reputation as a truth serum since it proved effective when given to some subjects during interrogation. While it doesnt actually compel people to tell the truth, amobarbital can slow the central nervous system so that concentration becomes more difficult. The theory was that someone asked a question while under the influence of amobarbital would be less likely to be able to think of a false answer, which requires more focus than simply telling the truth.Butalbital: this short-acting barbiturate was frequently used to treat migraine headaches, often in combination with acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. It was marketed under the brand names Fiorinal and Fioricet. Its also been used as a sedative and an anesthetic. It was marketed under the brand names Fiorinal and Fioricet. Its also been used as a sedative and an anesthetic.Phenobarbital: This barbiturate was used to treat seizures in young children, due to its effectiveness as an anticonvulsant. It also has been used to treat anxiety, drug withdrawal (particularly from other barbiturates) and as a sleep aid.Secobarbital: Marketed in the U.S. as Seconal beginning in 1934, this drug was a widely-prescribed sleep aid. Its the most-used drug in physician-assisted suicides in the U.S.Pentobarbital: Used as an anesthetic in animals, this drug formerly used to treat seizures and convulsions has the dubious distinction of being one of the preferred drugs used for state executions in the U.S.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Battle of Hamburger Hill in the Vietnam War

The Battle of Hamburger Hill was fought May 10-20, 1969, during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In late spring 1969, American and South Vietnamese forces commenced Operation Apache Snow with the intent of driving North Vietnamese troops from the A Shau Valley. As the operation moved forward, heavy fighting developed around Hill 937. This soon became the focus of the battle and additional American forces were committed with the goal of securing the hill. After a grinding, bloody fight, Hill 937 was secured. The fighting on Hill 937 was covered extensively by the press who questioned why the battle was necessary. This public relations problem escalated when the hill was abandoned fifteen days after its capture. Fast Facts: Battle of Hamburger Hill Conflict: Vietnam War (1955-1975)Date: May 10-20, 1969Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General Melvin Zaisapprox. 1,800 menNorth VietnamMa Vinh Lanapprox. 1,500 menCasualties:United States: 70 killed and 372 woundedNorth Vietnam: Approximately 630 killed Background In 1969, US troops began Operation Apache Snow with the goal of clearing the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam. Located near the border with Laos, the valley had become an infiltration route into South Vietnam and a haven for PAVN forces. A three-part operation, the second phase commenced on May 10, 1969, as elements of Colonel John Conmeys 3rd Brigade of the 101st Airborne moved into the valley. Among Conmeys forces were the 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel Weldon Honeycutt), 2nd Battalion, 501st Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel Robert German), and the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry (Lt. Colonel John Bowers). These units were supported by the 9th Marines and the 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry, as well as elements of the Army of Vietnam. The A Shau Valley was covered in thick jungle and dominated by Ap Bia Mountain, which had been designated Hill 937. Unconnected to the surrounding ridges, Hill 937 stood alone and, like the surrounding valley, was heavily forested. Moving Out Terming the operation a reconnaissance in force, Conmeys forces began operations with two ARVN battalions cutting the road at the base of the valley while the Marines and 3/5th Cavalry pushed towards the Laotian border. The battalions from the 3rd Brigade were ordered to search and destroy PAVN forces in their own areas of the valley. As his troops were air mobile, Conmey planned to shift units rapidly should one encounter strong resistance. While contact was light on May 10, it intensified the following day when the 3/187th approached the base of Hill 937. Sending two companies to search the north and northwest ridges of the hill, Honeycutt ordered Bravo and Charlie companies to move towards the summit by different routes. Late in the day, Bravo met stiff PAVN resistance and helicopter gunships were brought in for support. These mistook the 3/187ths landing zone for PAVN camp and opened fire killing two and wounding thirty-five. This was the first of several friendly fire incidents during the battle as the thick jungle made identifying targets difficult. Following this incident, the 3/187th retreated into defensive positions for the night. Fighting for the Hill Over the next two days, Honeycutt attempted to push his battalion into positions where they could launch a coordinated assault. This was hampered by difficult terrain and fierce PAVN resistance. As they moved around the hill, they found that the North Vietnamese had constructed an elaborate system of bunkers and trenches. Seeing the focus of the battle shifting to Hill 937, Conmey shifted the 1/506th to the south side of the hill. Bravo Company was airlifted to the area, but the remainder of the battalion traveled by foot and did not arrive in force until May 19. Soldiers inspecting the damage in the surrounding area of Dong Ap Bia during Operation Apache Snow, May 1969. US Army Military History Institute On May 14 and 15, Honeycutt launched attacks against PAVN positions with little success. The next two days saw elements of the 1/506th probing the southern slope. American efforts were frequently hindered by the thick jungle which made air-lifting forces around the hill impractical. As the battle raged, much of the foliage around the summit of the hill was eliminated by napalm and artillery fire which was used to reduce the PAVN bunkers. On May 18, Conmey ordered a coordinated assault with the 3/187th attacking from the north and the 1/506th attacking from the south. Final Assaults Storming forward, Delta Company of the 3/187th almost took the summit but was beaten back with heavy casualties. The 1/506th was able to take the southern crest, Hill 900, but met heavy resistance during the fighting. On May 18, the commander of the 101st Airborne, Major General Melvin Zais, arrived and decided to commit three addition battalions to the battle as well as ordered that the 3/187th, which had suffered 60% casualties, be relieved. Protesting, Honeycutt was able to keep his men in the field for the final assault. US Army Photographer and assistant climbing through the devastated landscape on Dong Ap Bia after the battle. US Army Military History Institute Landing two battalions on the northeast and southeast slopes, Zais and Conmey launched an all-out assault on the hill at 10:00 AM on May 20. Overwhelming the defenders, the 3/187th took the summit around noon and operations began to reduce the remaining PAVN bunkers. By 5:00 PM, Hill 937 had been secured. Aftermath Due to the grinding nature of the fighting on Hill 937, it became known as Hamburger Hill. This also pays homage to a similar fight during the Korean War known as the Battle of Pork Chop Hill. In the fighting, US and ARVN forces suffered 70 killed and 372 wounded. Total PAVN casualties are unknown, but 630 bodies were found on the hill after the battle. Heavily covered by the press, the necessity of the fighting on Hill 937 was questioned by the public and stirred controversy in Washington. This was worsened by the 101sts abandonment of the hill on June 5. As a result of this public and political pressure, General Creighton Abrams altered US strategy in Vietnam from one of maximum pressure to protective reaction in an effort to lower casualties.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Desp Air - 1330 Words

Desperate Air Managers are constantly faced with ethical dilemmas. The book, Managing Business Ethics: Straight talk how to do it right, defines an ethical dilemma as a situation when two or more â€Å"right† values are in conflict (Trevino Nelson, 2010). A decision can sometimes be legally correct, but it does mean it is always ethically correct. A decision may not always maximize the benefits to society or stakeholders. In the following essay, I will review Dash decision and how the RDCAR approach helps me make a better decision. The case of Desperate Air Corporation (DAC) is a company going through financial difficulties. In hopes to turn the company around the CEO, Benton Williams, wants to sell a large underdeveloped ocean front†¦show more content†¦He walked to the land and saw the hazardous danger signs, however, he did not how long those containers were in the land or who placed them there. I would have assembled a team of external environmental experts to find out how harmful was the contaminated land to people. I would have asked them for their professional opinion about the safety of future occupants. Lastly, I would have inquired about the environmental audit made 6 months ago. The environmental audit did not discover any problems with the property. Also, I would investigate further about the previous landowner and see if DAC could take any legal action. The third step is cognition. Since Dash did not share his concerns with anyone except for the CEO and lawyer. I would have assembled a team of lawyers, board members and an ethics expert. We would have had a panel discussion and assess our social responsibility to the community. We would also need to assess the possibility of a lawsuit by Fledging when they find out that the land had toxic waste. If this lawsuit goes public, how will this affect the image of the company? Our customers could distrust DAC and may not want to fly with us. This can lead to a faster bankrupt and erase any possibility of a financial turnaround. After gathering my facts and doing a cost analysis, I would my recommend to Benton Williams to be honest about the conditions of the land to Fledgling. Although, we most likely not deal with thisShow MoreRelatedHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesBanking | Asset Management | Financial Planning | Trust Services | Estate Planning Services | Business Banking Jess Jackson, Upper Hawkeye Mountain Estate, Alexander Valley Terroir can be defined as that mystical melding of light, water, soil, air and human touch. It is a definition I often use. The simple fact is, you must have a world-class grape in order to make a world-class wine. And when it comes to grapes, their source, the land is what matters. Precious few places exist on this Earth

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Impact of Ben Loman in Arthur Miller’s Death of a...

The Impact of Ben Loman’s Character on Theme and Character Development in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Some characters in literature who only appear briefly in the work can have a tremendous impact on the literature. These characters have a significant presence in the literary work. In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Ben Loman is that character. Ben is the brother of the main character Willy. Though Ben has a brief part in this play, he affects the theme and development of other characters. The theme of Death of a Salesman is to be honest to yourself and to live the right dream. Ben had a tremendous impact on this theme in the play. Ben went into the jungle when he was 17 and came out of it rich. Following the theme of†¦show more content†¦Ben lived the life he wanted and had the job he wanted. Even though Ben’s involvement in the play was brief, he showed that if you are honest to yourself, you get to live the life that you want. His honesty to himself is the counterpart to Willy not following the right dreams. Ben was what Willy needed to be like. The theme of the play was lived and shown by Ben. The effect that Ben had on the development of other characters is shown the most by Willy. Willy was the brother of Ben and wanted to be successful like his brother. Through all the trips Ben made, he was quite a successful man. Ben was rich and happy, which is what Willy wanted to. When Willy’s mind was going crazy, Ben would appear to him at times. Willy always seemed to be happy when he talked to Ben, even though he was really talking to himself. Ben would offer advice to Willy when Willy thought about him. After the restaurant incident, Willy was once again â€Å"visited† by Ben. Ben was telling Willy how his family would be financially stable from the insurance money if Willy died. This â€Å"conversation† that Willy had with Ben seemed to convince Willy that he should kill himself in an automobile accident. Throughout the play, Ben had an effect on the development of Willy. Only briefly did Ben appear in Death of a Salesman, but he had a significant presence in the play. Ben had tremendous affects on the theme of the play and the character development of Willy. Ben didShow MoreRelated Myths of the American Dream Exposed in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman828 Words   |  4 PagesMyths of the American Dream Exposed in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman    Willy Loman, the lead character of Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, believes in the myths of the capitalistic society(DiYanni 412). This essay will examine the impact of the capitalistic myths on Willy Lowman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy believes in the myth that popularity and physical appearance are the keys that unlock the door to the â€Å"American Dream†. 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This essay will explore how each character of the play contributes to Willys dream, success, and failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy is the aging salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability. Willys wife, Linda, stands by her husband even in his absence of realismRead MoreThe Internal and External Conflicts of Willy Loman Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesinternal and external conflicts throughout literature. Going in depth to a character allows the reader to better understand that character’s internal and external conflicts. Arthur Miller uses this technique in several of his plays, including Death of a Salesman. Miller portrays the character of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman through his internal and external conflicts. The internal conflict begins with Willy’s expectations for his sons and The Woman. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Censorship, Freedom of the Press, Karl Marx and The Catholic Church free essay sample

This paper examines the relationship between the First Amendment right and the concepts of Freedom of the Press and Censorship. This paper takes a look at what is protected by the First Amendment. It also looks at how the courts have ruled in a number of important cases. The paper identifies Congressional opinion and actions. It then takes a philosophical look at the issue. Karl Marx wrote extensively on Freedom of the Press and it looks at his position on the issue. His viewpoint is then contrasted with that of the Roman Catholic Church on these issues, through a study of how censorship has been applied throughout the Churchs history. The freedom of religion, speech, and of the press, as guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution, are basic rights enjoyed by American citizens, however the precise definitions and limitations are vague. Various challenges and court rulings have extended the definition of speech to include verbal communication as well as non-verbal communication, such as artistic or physical expression, and symbolic gesture. We will write a custom essay sample on Censorship, Freedom of the Press, Karl Marx and The Catholic Church or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the courts have broadened the definitions and protections under the freedom of speech, so have they imposed limitations or exclusions, such as defamation, obscenity, sedition, causing panic, incitement to crime and fighting words.

Sunday, April 5, 2020

Macroeconomics Collapse of the United States Housing Market

Introduction Economic recession is a cycle in business in which there is relatively lower economic activities in the business market. Such was the experience that the economy of the United States faced in the year 2009 following the crisis that was realized in the housing market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though a recovery has since been realized, macroeconomic factors have been players in the housing bubble and the realized recovery. This paper seeks to discuss the macroeconomics of the United State’s economy. The paper will look into circumstances that led to the collapse of the United States housing market, classifications of macroeconomic indicators and possible steps towards economic recovery of the United States. Factors that led to the Collapse of Housing Market The collapse of the housing market was considerably a culmination of factors that had accumulated in a system for a long period of time. One of the causes of the crisis was identified to be the policies that were over time adopted by the country’s policy makers. Government policies made over the last three decades in the mortgage sector had, for instance, been geared towards pushing financial institutions towards increasing the level of financing to the general public. These policies thus pushed the institutions to offering loans to individuals who even failed to meet required credit worthiness levels. Legislations such as the â€Å"community reinvestment act† of the year 1977, for example, called for financial institutions to make lending advances to the communities in which they operated. The consequence of the legislation was that if an individual applied for a loan then the institution could have no option but to comply with the application or risk being accused of violating the country’s constit ution.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move thus forced banks and other financial institutions to offer risky lending. The result was an increased borrowing that was invested in the housing sector. This eventually had a destabilizing effect on the market owing to the market forces of demand and supply (Gordon, 2008). The Federal Reserve was equally accused of fuelling the eventuality of the collapse in the market through steps towards destabilization of the housing market. Though the move might not have been direct or intentional, it played a role to the change in demand in the housing market. In a move that was viewed as a step towards stabilization of the economy, the public was to be empowered into investments through lowered rates. The reduced rates also contributed to people’s motivation into taking loans which were directed towards the housing market. This is particularly because the loans were made affordable to an increased majority that had previously feared the previously high rates (Murphy, 2008). The capitalistic system of the American economy is also a factor towards the crisis that was realized in the housing market. The fact that money value as well as the flow of capital is determined by the Federal Reserve rather that the market demand and supply for money also pushed the responsibility to the hands of the federal government and the Federal Reserve for the crash in the market. Since the Federal Reserve determines the flow of capital in the economy and even the money value, inaccurate decisions over these issues will bear consequences to the economy in terms of monetary value which translates to economic instability. The policies and legislations that led to increased lending were not out of credit worthiness considerations but due to pressure on the demand in the housing sector. Consequently there was inflation in the value of the houses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The price of the subprime loans that were pumped into the market also led to increased rates on repayments that put burden on individual investors. People could then not pay for the loans leading to repossessions and a final collapse in the real estate value and the ultimate collapse of the housing market. The collapse of the market was thus due to economic policies that destabilized the market forces in the sector leading to its fall (BBC, 2007). Macroeconomic indicators Macroeconomics deals with the totality of an economy in terms of its performance and even behavior and structures among other aspects. Macroeconomic indicators can be classified into three categories. The first classification is the leading macroeconomic indicators which are defined as preliminary variabl es that foresee an occurrence in an economy. They point out to an occurrence that is not yet realized but is imminent. They are identified as the â€Å"variables that predicts or lead to† (McEachem, 2005, p. 432) economic changes. Though the leading indicators are a hint of what could happen in the economy, they cannot offer exact illustration of what will occur but rather offer a probabilistic forecast that could at the same time be wrong. A reduced rate of turnover in an industry can, for example, be an indicator of initial stages of recession in an economy. A change into improvement in the rate and volume of sales would on the contrary indicate a turn into economic recovery (McEachem, 2005). Another class of indicators is the coincident macroeconomic indicators. Coincident indicators are those variables that identify the extremes of an economy. They identify the economy’s best and worst performance in terms of period and even properties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considerations of factors such a â€Å"total employment and personal income† (McEachem, 2005, p. 432) are examples of coincident indicators. Lagging indicators are on the other hand variables that show effects of economic changes and are identified after these changes have occurred. Such indicators include factors such as interest rates and considerations of unemployment in an economy in terms of time period (Elwell, 2011). Possible Steps towards Economic Recovery The economic recession as realized by the United States in the year 2007 to the year 2009 are significantly blamed on economic policies that drove the housing market to its inflation and subsequent collapse. Necessary counter measures to this inflation, which I would adopt if I were the president, are monetary together with fiscal policies. Monetary policies such as increasing the lending rates as well as restricting regulations on bank lending are some of the measures that I would enact to reduce the money flow int o the economy. Among the fiscal policies that I would adopt is the federal investment into the housing sector in order to save the American citizens from losing their houses to financial institutions in the form of repossessions. Conclusion The performance and state of economies are cyclic with recession and recovery sessions. Though it can at times be abrupt and inevitable, there exist indicators that can predict economic cycles. Necessary policies can also be adopted to prevent or control unfavorable economic periods. References BBC. (2007). The downturn in facts and figures. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7073131.stm Elwell, C. (2011). Economic Recovery: Sustaining U. S. Economic Growth in a Post-Crisis Economy. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. Gordon, R. (2008). Did liberals cause the subprime crisis? Retrieved from: https://prospect.org/article/did-liberals-cause-sub-prime-crisis McEachem, W. (2005). Economics With Infotrac: A Contemporary Introductio n. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Murphy, R. (2008). Did the Fed cause the housing bubble? Retrieved from: https://mises.org/library/did-fed-cause-housing-bubble This essay on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market was written and submitted by user Ronan Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Organ donations essays

Organ donations essays Specific Purpose: To persuade my audiences to donate their organs and tissues when they die and act upon their decision to become organ donors. A. How do you feel when there is something that you really want but you cant have? What if you couldnt live without it? Well, I know my aunt who has liver cancer desperately wants a new liver but she cant have one until someone donates a liver to give to her. Her name went on a waiting list and she waited for a miracle. She finally got one when a liver match was donated by a women in a fatal car accident. The women who died gave my aunt the gift of life but not everyone is always so lucky. B. Someone you know could be on an organ transplant list. The number of people on the waiting list of organ donations is growing each day. The time is now for everyone to come together. Dennis OLeary M.D., president of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization, said, The challenge today is to make the gift of life available to all who need it. C. Today, I am going to talk to you about organ donations, how you can become an organ donor and finally how your family and the organ donor recipient benefit from you organ donation. A. First Im going to talk to you about organ donations and how important they really are. 1. Organ donation is also known as Giving the Gift of Life. One single donor can save or help up to 50 lives. Just imagine giving the miracle of life to 50 different people, its amazing. More than 85,000 people in the United States now are waiting life-saving transplants and over 6,000 people die each year while waiting for the organs to become available. a. From an article in the Pharma Business Week said that 6,455 people became deceased organ donors in the United States in 2003. This was an increase by 4.3% in the past years and it was the highest increase in donors since...

Friday, February 21, 2020

How modern portfolio theory can be used to manage the portfolio of Essay

How modern portfolio theory can be used to manage the portfolio of your own_ - Essay Example The pros barely edged the DJIA by a margin of 51 to 49 contests† (Investor Home, 2011). An investor simply parking their money in the Dow would have beaten the specific picks of the professionals about half the time, even without transaction costs or taxes. Even worse, later research found that the pros got a break due to the announcement effect of the stock (Liang, 1996). When the pros made an announcement, others invested naively, but these stocks later reversed quite quickly: When taking this into account, the pros did not beat the dartboard! And in the last year of the contest, the readers won slightly (Jasen, 2002). All of this seems to sink the idea of portfolio analysis: If the best pros in the world using the best techniques can't beat random chance, how can anyone? But modern portfolio tools have given investors, particularly newer ones, skills for constructing an asset portfolio that will beat out mutual funds and naive investment. The Failure of Mutual Funds It's not just professionals that struggle to create value. Mutual funds are also very bad at generating growth, and they have the advantage not only of many investors and many analysts but also time and a diverse portfolio! â€Å"By and large, what you're going to find is that very, very few active funds consistently match the performance of the various indexes over the long-term, much less beat them... Finding a fund that consistently beat its index is like looking for a needle in a haystack† (Distad, 2009). Distad's data shows that very few funds beat out the market over time. Further, he notes that many of these actively managed funds are highly unreliable in terms of their fidelity. 80% had performance history only going back a year, out of a random sample of almost 3500 funds! Investors need to construct their own portfolio, not just rely on mutual funds that have had a mixed record of success and have certainly suffered after events like Enron, WorldCom and the 2008 collapse. A ssets Chosen I chose two assets: Whole Foods (WFMI) and Nintendo (NTDOY.PK). I wanted to pick two assets, one of which was more of a growth asset and another which was an asset that produced products I was familiar with and that I knew something about the likely market response to. The goal for both was risk control first and growth second: That is, I wanted there to be a steadiness to the line, whether it was going horizontally or sloping upwards. I selected based off of a visual analysis of both companies over five years, then used iQfront's analysis to see what the statistics were, and was pleasantly surprised. Modern portfolio theory emphasizes that risk has to be measured based on the variance of the stock (Goetzmann, 2011). Indeed, the core idea is that a tangency line can be created that has a riskless asset used as a baseline for comparison where both risk-averse and risk-accepting investors could invest comfortably, a perfect middle ground (Goetzmann, 2011). But finding tha t perfect portfolio is difficult, because â€Å"a major difficulty in estimating an efficient frontier accurately is that errors grow as the number of assets increase. You cannot just dump all the means, std's and correlations for the world's assets into an optimizer and turn the crank† (Goetzmann, 2011). We will return to why analyzing risk this way is compelling since other forms of risk are so appallingly inaccurately determined (Danielsson, 2009). In any respect, while growth is easy to measure (just look at how it's

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk management - Essay Example Banks therefore, make investments in various areas in order to be able to reduce the adversity risks due to price movements in a security it trades in simply by taking a position that will offset the related security. The Bank of England has played a very pivotal role in the economic development of the country primarily, by diversifying risks for all the economic agents. As with any other bank, the greatest financial risk it faced was the interest rate risk. During the last financial crisis i.e. the financial crisis of the year 2007, banks were able to employ certain strategies before and after the crisis which were geared towards mitigating them from such risks brought about by the crisis (Dietrich, 2006). The Bank of England was among those banks which were affected by this crisis and had to therefore apply a risk management theory such as the Forward Trade Agreement before and after the crisis to mitigate itself from the various forms of interest rate exposure. This is because, fl uctuations in its interest rate had the capability of altering its interest income and value thus, making the management of interest rate risk using hedging methods vital to its success. The Asset and Liability Committee of the Bank of England as the body tasked with ensuring that interest rates are properly maintained and managed to avoid any interest rate risk exposures before and after the financial crisis, applied the following strategies to hedge out the risk. Hedging strategies/methods used a. The use of interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps refers to a type of highly popular instrument as a liquid financial derivative that is used by two parties in the exchange of interest rate cash flows. The two parties agree exchange the cash flows of the interest rate basing their agreement on a specified notional amount obtained from a rate that is fixed to a floating rate or even vice versa. The same can also be from a floating rate to any other rate. A clear understanding of how the Bank of England used it would be to consider the two parties agreeing to pay a rate fixed or floating, denominated in the pound to the other party. The rate was then multiplied by a notional principal amount in the US$. The outcome was given an appropriate accrual value for the day count convention. If both the legs featured in similar currency, the notional amount was typically not exchanged between the parties but, instead used to calculate the cash flow sizes to be exchanged (Dietrich, 2006). The notional amount was exchanged if the legs appeared in different currencies. A more common interest rate swap in use has been the LIBOR. With the LIBOR there is a ‘payer’ and a ‘receiver’. One party pays the LIBOR plus a trade percentage plus the rate offered by the other party in this kind of trade activity. Since interest rate swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) instruments, the various varieties the bank could have used include: floating for floating rate swap wi th different currencies, the floating for floating rate swap with similar currencies, and the fixed for fixed rate swaps. Regardless of the changes in the LIBOR rates in future, the rolling deposit value will always equal the notional amount at the reset date. b. Used of forward derivatives The bank also used derivatives during the period to manage the risks. A particular one used was the forward contracts. In the management

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay

Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay It is the combination of Information Technology and people using it to carry out operations and management. In a large sense it is frequently used with in people to process data and technology. It is also refer to Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is used in organization, where people work with this to support business processes. There is a clear different between information system, ICT and business process. IT is completely different from information system, information system consist of ICT component. Information system helps to control the performance of business process. Information system is a special type of work system, which produces products or services for customer, where human and machines perform work using ICT and resources. Information system purpose is to process information. Information system is a system which represents data and process as a form of social memory. Information system supports human decision making and action. What is the role of Information Systems in todays competitive business environment on Strategic, Operational and Tactical level? Strategic Level: IS (Information system) supports business processes and operations: IS helps managers to execute their daily activities and functions properly, for example, in bank, creation of accounts, statement generation etc take place; and IS helps managers control such activities with greater accuracy and in a timely manner with the help of software. IS supports decision making for managers and employees: IS takes data as input and then processes it to generate information; simply defined as Input Æ’Â ¨ Process Æ’Â ¨ Information. This information is used by the managers for the improvement of their organizations, for example, existing historical data about customers in bank can be analyzed by IS and important information can be generated like bad customers and good customers, etc. This information can be used by managers while deciding whether to approve loan for new customers or not IS supports in making strategic decision for competitive advantage: By analyzing data collected from different sources, IS can provide valuable information such as which items to launch in which location; so that the company can have advantage over their competitors using this information. IS can also help business houses; in carrying out their business processes differently than their competitors. Operational Level: IS promises Operational excellence: In order to achieve higher profitability, businesses improve their operations efficiency. Managers make use of IS in business operations to achieve higher levels of productivity and efficiency. An excellent example is the use of the RetailLink system at Wal-Mart; this system digitally links every one of the Wal-Marts stores with its suppliers; the supplier is monitoring the items and as soon as an item is purchased, the supplier knows that a replacement must be shipped to the shelf. IS helps create new products, business models and services: In firms, Information system is a crucial tool in creating new services and products and new business models. Business models describe how the companies produce, deliver and sells a product or service to be successful. An example is Apple Inc; it transformed an old business model which was based on its iPod technology platform that included iPod, iPhone and the iTunes music service. IS helps monitor increase Supplier/Customer intimacy: When a customer is served well by a business, he usually responds by returning and purchasing more from the business; this raises the profits and revenues of the business. The more the business engages its suppliers, the better the suppliers are able to provide vital inputs; which in turn lowers costs. An example is the high-end hotel, Manhattans The Mandarin Oriental and other such high-end hotels; they illustrate the use of IS and technology to achieve better customer intimacy. They track guests preferences using computers, such as their preferred television programs, check-in times and room temperatures. Tactical Level: IS helps making better decisions: Many managers operate in an information bank and they never have the relevant information at the right moment to make a learned decision; poor outcomes like these loose customers and raise costs. Managers can use real time data while making decisions; IS allow managers to use real-time data from the marketplace while making decisions. An example is the Verizon Corporation, which uses a Web-based digital dashboard that gives managers accurate real-time information on customer complains and network performances. By using this information, managers can rapidly inform customers of the repair work, assign repair resources to the involved areas, and restore service promptly. Competitive advantage: When the firms achieve the business objectives, for example, customer intimacy, operational excellence, improved decision making, new services, products and business models, than it is most like that they have achieved a competitive advantage already. Accomplishing these things finer than their objects, responding to suppliers and customers in real time, charging less for premium products all add up to higher sales and profits. An example is the Toyota Production System which mainly focuses on organizing work to make continuous improvements, eliminating waste; Toyota Production System is based on what the customers actually ordered. How are Information Systems transforming the functional areas of organizations? Computers are used for almost any task. We check email with it, watch media, bank and more. Information is the life of organization, damaged or lost data can cause financial loss, law suits, etc. Information system contains hardware, software, data, applications, communication and people. It helps an organization to manage and secure its critical corporate, customer and employee data. Information system improves work process and gives lot of other benefits. An example is the Transaction Processing System (TPS) which is used in one functional area of a business; it process routine transactions more accurately and efficiently. TPS has many sub-species which are directly linked to their respective functional areas, for example, there is Finance and Accounting Systems for the functional areas of accounts and finance, Human Resource System for the Human Resource area, etc. Information System is different form other system because its purpose is to monitor and document the operations of other systems, we can also call it target system. For example, production activities would be the target system for a production scheduling information system, human resources would be the target system of a human resource information system. Every reactive system has a sub system called Information system, whose purpose is to monitor and control system. Task 2 There are many, many types of Information systems, but the most common ones are these: Transaction Processing System (TPS); Decision Support System (DSS); Management Information System (MIS); Office Automation System (OAS); Executive Information System (EIS) and Data Warehouses (DW). Transaction Processing System (TPS): TPS is a basic business system and it handles the tracking and processing of transactions. A transaction is simply an event which is of interest to the organization, for example, a railway booking system in which Booking, Cancellation, etc are all transactions; or a sale at a store. TPS is very useful and has many functions and it Serves the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organization. Is very often crucial to the survival of the organization Usually has high volumes of output and input Needs to be fault-tolerant Supports the operational level of the business Supplies data for higher-level management decisions Can have strategic consequences, for example, airline reservation system Deals with well-structured processes. A Transaction processing system has many sub-species, some of which are: Sales and Marketing Systems: These are systems that support the sales and marketing functions by easing the movement of services and goods from producers to customers. For example, a Stores sale system would automatically record and total purchase transactions and print out a packing list; this would improve customer service and maintain customer data. Manufacturing and Production systems: These systems supply data to operate, control and monitor the production processes, such as shipping, receiving, purchasing, scheduling, engineering, resource management, quality control, etc. For example, a system in factory that measures samples of products and gets information from that; then statistically analyses the samples and shows when the operators should take corrective action. Human Resource System: These systems deal with performance evaluation, compensation, placement, career development and recruitment of the firms employees. Examples of HRS include training and skills, applicant tracking, personnel record keeping, positions, benefits. Finance Accounting System: These systems maintain records which concern the flow of funds in the firm and they also produce financial statements, such as income statements and balance sheets. E.g for General Ledger; Budgeting, Billing: Cost Accounting, Accounts Payable/ Receivable; Funds management systems, payroll. These systems were among the earliest to be computerized. Examples of Financial systems are loan management, cash management, securities trading and check processing. Management Information Systems (MIS): They assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. MIS usually takes data from the transaction processing system and summarizes it into a series of management reports which are to be used by the middle management and operational supervisors. MIS is a set of information processing functions and queries should be handled by it as quickly as they arrive. Database is an important element of MIS. MIS simply provides managers with feedback on daily operations; it also provides information and support for effective decision making. An example of MIS is an annual budgeting system. Decision Support System (DSS): DSS provides information, models or analysis tools to the senior managers and strategic management staff to help them make decisions. DSS are used for support of unstructured decisions and they are for analytical work mainly, for example, creating of what-if models using spreadsheets databases. An example job for a Decision Support System would be a 6 year operating plan. Office Automation Systems (OAS): They are used to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data information for reducing paper warfare. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves the productivity of employees working in an office or system that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move. OAS software tools are often integrated and are designed for easy operations (for example, a graph from a spreadsheet can be imported in the Word Processor). Executive Information System (EIS): Also known as Executive Support System (ESS) and it provides information to the executives in a readily accessible, interactive format. EIS (or ESS) usually allow summary of the entire organization and also allows drilling down to specific levels of detail. EIS also use data which is produced by ground level Transaction Processing System so the executives can gain an overview of the entire organization. EIS require extensive staff to operate and are very expensive to run and are used by top level (strategic) management. Data Warehouses System: A Data Warehouse is a place where data is stored analysis, security and archival purposes. A data warehouse is usually either a single computer or a giant computer system formed by tying many computers together. Besides storing large amount of data, they must also possess the systems in place that would make it easy to access the data and use in day-to-day operations. It is also sometimes referred to be a major role player in DSS, or Decision Support System. How you identify the major support systems, and relate them to managerial functions? Support systems are Office Automation, Decisions Support Systems, Management Information system and TPS. Management Information system (MIS) generally takes the data from TPS (Transaction processing system) and summarizes it into a series of management reports, which are used by operational supervisors and also by the middle management. Decision-Support Systems are designed to help management make decisions, when there is uncertainty about the possible outcome. DSS gather relevant information with the help of tools and techniques and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often create what-if models with the use of databases and spreadsheets. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) helps business create and share information. This helps employees who creates and shares knowledge and expertise, which is shared in organization to create further commercial opportunities. KMS allows efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For example knowledge might be in word documents, spreadsheets, power point or internet etc, to share KMS would use collaboration system like intranet. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) process routine transaction accurately and efficiently; and businesses may have many TPS, for example Invoices are sent to customers using the Billing systems Systems that calculate monthly and weekly payroll and tax payments Calculations of raw materials using Production and purchasing systems Using Stock control systems to process of all movement within the businesses Office Automation Systems (OAP) improves the productivity of the employees that process data information. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves productivity of employees that work in an office or system that enable employees to work on the move or from home. Task 3 Describe the tools and techniques provided by the Information Systems department and its relationship with end-users to solve the specific problems? The Information system department provides many different tools and techniques to solve problems and the main ones are: Data Warehouses: Their main purpose is to establish a data storehouse that makes operational data accessible in a form which is readily acceptable for analytical processing activities like Decision Support or EIS. Data Warehouses have many different characteristics such as Organization (data are organized), Time Variant (data kept for 5-10 years so it can be used for forecasting and comparisons), Non-Volatility (data are not updated once it has been entered in the warehouse), Consistency (data are coded in a consistent manner) and Client/Server (the data warehouse provides the end user an easy access to the data by using the clients/servers). How it solves problems: The Data in the warehouses is organized for less confusion; The Data is stored for a long time, allows for forecasts and comparisons; Takes raw data and codes it in a consistent matter for easy analysis Provides the end user an easy access to its data The data warehouse uses a relational structure The data are located in one place, allows data to be reached quickly Web browsers can be used to allow end users to reach data easily Data Mining: the process of analyzing data from different views and then summarizing it into useful information. Such information could be used to cut costs, raise revenue or both. For years, companies have used very powerful computers to sift through large volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market research reports. Data Mining is currently being used in areas like Retailing and Sales, Banking, Insurance, Airlines, Health Care, Computer Software Hardware, etc. How it solves problems: Data mining automates the process of discovering predictive information in very large databases; Data mining tools identify previous hidden patterns in just one step Can operate on unprocessed or even unstructured information. Text Web Mining: Text mining is the application of data mining to less structured text files. Web Mining are mining tools which can be used to analyze large amounts of data on the Web (like what customers are doing on the Internet). How it solves problems: Groups documents by common themes, making them easier to locate sort Finds the hidden content of documents and also additional useful relationships Geographic Information System (GIS): this is a computer-based system which is used for capturing, checking, storing, manipulating, integrating and displaying data using digitalized maps. How it solves problems: Every digital object or record has an identified geographical location Branch performances can be monitored, analyzed and compared Volume and traffic patterns of business activities can be monitored Geographical area served by each Bank branch can be observed, to plan if new banks are needed or not. Data Visualization: This is the presentation of data by technologies like digital images, graphical user interface, 3-d presentations and animations, geographical information systems, virtual reality, multidimensional graphs tables. How it solves problems: Presents many different kinds of data into a common, understandable way for better more accurate analysis; reduces errors too. On-Line Analytic Processing: this is the technology that allows users of multidimensional databases to generate on-line comparative summaries of data and other analytical enquiries; OLAP can also be integrated into corporate databases systems. How it solves problems: OLAP facilities allow managers and analysts to monitor the performance of the business or market. The end-results of OLAP technologies can be very simple (frequency tables, etc) to make the data much easier to understand and analyze. How the Executives may use any alternative data/ information processing techniques to support the decision making This is a crucial step in making an effective decision. The more good options that you consider, the more inclusive your final decision will be. You force yourself to reach deeper and you look at problems via different angles, when you generate alternatives. By using the mindset there must be other solutions out there, you have more chance to make the best possible decision. If you havent got other reasonable alternatives, then theres not much of a decision to make! Below is a summary of some of the important techniques and tools to help teams develop good alternatives. Generating Ideas Brainstorming is possibly the most well known method for generating ideas. Reverse Brainstorming works in the same manner. But, it works by asking people to brainstorm of how to achieve the opposite result from the one required, and then simply reversing those actions. The Charette Procedure is a systematic process and it gathers and develops ideas from many stakeholders. Crawford Slip Writing Technique generates ideas from a large number of people. This method is extremely effective and ensures that ideas from everyone are heard and weighed equally irrespective of the persons power in the organization. Explore the Alternatives You need to evaluate the risks and implications of each choice once you are completely satisfied that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives. Risk Theres almost always some degree of uncertainty in decision making process that may lead to risks, inevitably. You can determine if the risk is manageable of not simply by evaluating the risks involved with the options. Risk Analysis allows you to look at risks impartially. It assess threats and evaluates the probability of events taking place using a structured approach their management costs. Implications You can consider the potential consequences of each of your options Six Thinking Hats, after viewing the alternatives from 6 different perspectives, you can assess the consequences of a decision. Impact Analysis, useful technique for brainstorming the unexpected outcomes that could mount from a decision. Choose the Best Alternative After assessing the different alternatives, the following step is choosing between them. The choice could be very obvious, but if it is not, then the tools below will help: Grid Analysis (or decision matrix), is a very useful tool for this type of evaluation. It helps bring different factors in the process of decision making in a reliable way, therefore this tool is invaluable. Paired Comparison Analysis help decide the importance of differing factors and helps you compare factors that are unlike and decide which ones should influence your decision the most. Decision Trees are useful in deciding between options. These bring the probability of project failure/success in the decision making process and help you lay out the various options available to you. Task 4 Information systems are made out of components that can be assembled in many different con ¬Ã‚ gurations resulting in a variety of information systems and applications, much as construction materials can be assembled to build different homes. The size and cost of a home depend on the purpose of the building, the availability of money, and constraints such as ecological and environmental legal requirements. Just as there are many different types of houses, so there are many different types of information systems. We classify houses as single-family homes, apartments, townhouses, and cottages. Similarly, it is useful to classify information systems into groups that share similar characteristics. A classi ¬Ã‚ cation such as this may help in identifying systems, analyzing them, planning new Information Systems Con ¬Ã‚ gurations Organizations are made up of components such as divisions, departments, and work units, organized in hierarchical levels. For example, most organizations have functional departments, such as production and accounting, which report to plant management, which report to a division head. The divisions report to the corporate headquarters. Although some organizations have restructured themselves in innovative ways, such as those based on cross-functional teams, today the vast majority of organizations still have a traditional hierarchical structure. Thus, we can  ¬Ã‚ nd information systems built for headquarters, for divisions, for the functional departments, for operating units, and even for individual employees. Such systems can stand alone, but usually they are interconnected. Typical information systems that follow the organizational structure are functional (departmental), enterprise-wide, and inter-organizational. These systems are organized in a hierarchy in which each higher-le vel system consists of several (even many) systems from the level below it. A departmental system supports the functional areas in each company. At a higher level, the enterprise-wide system supports the entire company, and inter-organizational systems connect different companies. The major functional information systems are organized around the traditional departments- Finance IS Finance IS Accounting IS Accounting IS Human Resources Human Resources Corporate a System Electronic Market Electronic Market Corporate B System Marketing IS Marketing IS Production IS Production IS Administrative IS Administrative IS Corporate C System

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Hawk Roosting Aniela Baseley 13 FO The poem is written by poet Ted Hughes. In his life time Hughes has published many poems about nature and animals. :: English Literature

Hawk Roosting Aniela Baseley 13 FO The poem is written by poet Ted Hughes. In his life time Hughes has published many poems about nature and animals. The poem is written by poet Ted Hughes. In his life time Hughes has published many poems about nature and animals. The poem has six stanzas, all written in the first person, with no discernable rhyming scheme. The poem represents a hawk, as it roosts on a tree top, watching over the world and contemplating life. This hawk sees itself, as the centre of the world and the best of creation. He believes he controls the world, bringing death to anything below him that dares to question his authority. The poem shows the reader that nature isn’t always beautiful, and the hawk is a metaphor of humans, because humans dominate the world, as does this hawk. The poem is written with a chilling attitude to power. In the first stanza, the hawk is perched on top of a tree, awaiting nightfall. We know this because the hawk is ‘Roosting.’ His arrogance is already clear, â€Å" Inaction, no falsifying dream† this indicates to the reader, that even when the hawk is sleeping, he does not dream ‘needless’ dreams. The hawk just has focus on killing. Alliteration is then used â€Å"hooked head,† this extenuates the line with a sound, as well as the hawks egoism and obsession with itself. â€Å" I sit on top of the wood, my eyes closed,† conveys a sense of forceful peace, as if the hawk holds so much power that it is fearless, and can roost confidently without being hunted. The second stanza also shows the hawks great egoism, as he believes everything is created for him. The high trees, which he roosts on, are convenient to give him a good view of the world. The air allows him to float while searching, and the sun allows him to lock on to the prey, the earth is facing upwards for his inspection. The attitude here makes the hawk appear to be royal or God like. For example, he is like a king inspecting his subjects; the rodents he hunts have no other purpose but to serve him a feed. He rules as a dictator, by force. The hawk in the third stanza sees himself as the centre of creation, â€Å"It took the whole of creation, to produce my foot, my each feather.† At the same time, he is saying that he rules creation with his foot.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Black Codes Essay

‘Black~Codes’ were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex~Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly freed sIaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor; and maintain a white dominated hierarchy. However; the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. Furthermore, northern, non~slave holding states enacted laws to limit the bl@ck political power and social mobility. For example~ in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black people from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers, his agents, or his family members. Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children. The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger car for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, all of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term â€Å"person of color. † Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a â€Å"person of color. † However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that any person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. Still yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a person of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms about their desire to keep blacks out of the political process. To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of support in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, â€Å"The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the Southern representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. † The Black Codes also prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and armed violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafted resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons. If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often required blacks to obtain a license from the county judge and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant. It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver forty acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor. In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be punished by imprisonment, standing in the pillory or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen. Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentice’s living expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary level education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away being disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes. In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, â€Å"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. † Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first. This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. Criminal laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed criminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their immediate condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous master’s plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime. Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to knowingly marry a white and black person. And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and fornication laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Essay on Information and Communications Technology...

Information and Communications Technology - the case of teleworking. =================================================================== Developments in information and communications technologies are having profound effects on employment in rural areas and also possibly on the competitive advantage of rural areas. This latter point will depend on the extent to which rural areas are able to capture a higher share of information and knowledge related work than has been the case in the past. (Bryden, 1997). Bryden sees information as a cash commodity, which is able to empower and to improve democracy, with great potential for development of rural areas which have hitherto seen less of the expansion in teleworking than have†¦show more content†¦Smith (1998) describes an increasingly targeted approach to the development of ICT in the Western Isles, which has enabled many new job opportunities, particularly in the area of tele-working. Smith also highlights the importance of ICT opportunities as helping to retain some of the young people in remote areas by providing skilled work, and also perhaps in encouraging yo ung people who have left to return to the Western Isles. A teleworker is normally someone who is self-employed and possesses specific skills which are utilised by distant businesses on a contract basis. Teleworking can be done both at home or from a remote office, and offers new types of employment opportunities for remotely based rural populations - such as those in the Western Isles. Although the disadvantages of teleworking are often discussed - in the lack of a social environment in which to work, the lack of employee rights, benefits and promotion prospects; in remote areas with high unemployment and under-employment, it offers very real opportunities. 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